Turkey’s
president made a landmark visit to Greece on Thursday, but any
expectation for diplomacy was quickly deflated by his call for changes
to an international treaty that defines the borders between the rivals.
The
visit by President Recep Tayyip Erdogan was not his first — he had
visited Greece twice before as prime minister — but it was the first by a
Turkish president in 65 years.
With Turkey’s relations with Europe and the United States deteriorating, there had been hopes that Mr.
Erdogan’s visit might portend closer relations with Greece, and greater
stability in the region. It had been touted on both sides of the Aegean
as being aimed at improving ties.
Instead,
Mr. Erdogan managed to provoke his hosts even before landing in Athens.
In an interview published in the Greek daily Kathimerini on Thursday,
he suggested an "update” of the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne, which defined
Turkey’s borders with neighbors after World War I.
He repeated the demand at a tense, televised news conference with his Greek counterpart, President Prokopis Pavlopoulos.
"There
are outstanding issues with the Treaty of Lausanne and matters that
have not been addressed correctly,” a stony-faced Mr. Erdogan said. It
should be "updated,” he added.
Mr.
Pavlopoulos, clearly uncomfortable, immediately countered that the
treaty was "nonnegotiable.” The Greek news media condemned the Turkish
leader’s stance as "provocative” and "unprecedented.”
Mr.
Erdogan has been raising the issue of the Lausanne Treaty since last
year’s failed coup, calling it unfair, a public stance that is
considered provocative not only toward Greece, but even in Turkey
because it questions the very legitimacy of the republic that was
established on the foundations of the treaty.
He
has emphasized the unfairness of the treaty that handed islands close
to Turkey’s shores to Greece, and raised concerns about the Turkish
community in Greece, which is known officially as a Muslim minority
rather than as ethnic Turkish.
Mr.
Erdogan, who appeared to be a liberal pro-European democrat in his
early years as leader, has increasingly adopted a nationalist,
neo-Ottoman posture in recent years, presenting himself as a leader who
can recreate some of Turkey’s lost empire.
In a speech last year at the presidential palace, he similarly criticized the treaty and those who negotiated it.
"They
tried to sell us Lausanne, as a victory,” he said at that time. "Look
now to the Greek islands. We gave away these very near islands. Is it a
victory? Those places were ours. Why? Those seated at the table were not
up to challenge. Because they could not deliver, now we are having
problems.”
After
Mr. Erdogan picked up the theme on Thursday, Prime Minister Alexis
Tsipras of Greece told him that he was eager to "build bridges, not
raise walls,” and he underlined the need for "respect for international
law, treaties and of the territorial integrity of countries.”
Mr.
Erdogan indicated that border changes were not what he had in mind,
declaring that Turkey "never covets the territory of another country.”
But
it was hard for the Greeks to interpret Mr. Erdogan’s remarks on the
Lausanne Treaty any other way. Mr. Erdogan’s insistence on calling the
Muslim minority in Greece a "Turkish minority,” as Turkish officials
have done for years, is regarded by Greece as suggesting territorial
aspirations.
Mr.
Erdogan called on Greek authorities to drop "ideological fixations,”
and to expand the rights of the Muslims living in Thrace, in northern
Greece, which he is to visit on Friday.
Muslims
there, he said, should be able to elect their own religious leaders,
rather than have them appointed by the Greek state. Denying Muslims in
Greece the right to appoint their own muftis is a violation of the
Lausanne Treaty, he said.
Mr.
Erdogan also repeated demands for the extradition of eight members of
the Turkish armed forces who fled to Greece in a military helicopter
after a failed Turkish coup last year.
The men have applied for asylum in Greece, and
Greece’s highest court rejected their extradition in January. Since July 2016, Greece has reported a surge in asylum
requests by Turkish citizens, with nearly 1,000 applications submitted.
The
mood of the visit and the exchanges did little to advance relations
between the two Mediterranean neighbors, which have been antagonistic
for much of the past century, since the end of the nearly 400-year
Ottoman occupation of Greece.
A
territorial dispute in 1996 over a small islet in the Aegean brought
them close to war. There was a brief truce in 1999 when Greece and
Turkey sent humanitarian aid to each other following earthquakes in each
country.
Turkey’s
negotiations to join the European Union, which started in 2005, also
brought them closer, but the two nations continue to have disagreements,
chiefly over borders and territory.
Among those disputes is the stalled peace process over Cyprus, which has been divided into Greek and Turkish areas since the Turkish invasion of 1974.
Another point of contention are the waves of immigrants that continue to reach Greece from Turkey, despite an agreement between the European Union and Ankara last year that was aimed at curbing human trafficking across the Aegean.
Mr.
Erdogan criticized the European Union for promising 3 billion euros to
manage the refugee crisis, but only disbursing €850 million, saying
Turkey has three million refugees in its territory.
Mr.
Tsipras said that Greece, a much smaller country, had struggled to host
hundreds of thousands of migrants arriving from neighboring Turkey.
However, he said the two leaders had agreed on ways to work together
more effectively in tackling the refugee crisis, without specifying how.
Economic
relations were also on the agenda during Mr. Erdogan’s visit, with a
focus on the energy, trade and transport sectors. Three large projects —
a border bridge, ferry connections and a high-speed train connection —
are already in the works.
But much of the hopes that those projects might deepen ties faded in the terse exchanges on Thursday.
Ilter
Turan, professor of International Relations at Bilgi University in
Istanbul, said he was trying to understand why Mr. Erdogan would call
for any change to the treaty since it was the founding document of the
Turkish republic.
"I
would imagine Turkey would be the one to say it was nonnegotiable,” he
said, given the sanctity of the treaty to Turkey’s republic. "It applies
the law equally to people of different beliefs, and there are mutual
obligations to respect minorities.”
Security
was tight for the visit, with more than 2,800 police officers on duty
in the Greek capital, and Mr. Erdogan was said to be traveling with some
200 security guards and special agents.
Before
Mr. Erdogan’s visit, the Greek police arrested nine Turkish citizens
suspected of being linked to the Revolutionary People’s Liberation
Party-Front, an extreme leftist group, in Athens last week.
The
eight men and one woman, accused of hoarding explosives in Greece, deny
any wrongdoing. The group has been designated a terrorist organization
by Turkey, and it is known to have a presence in Greece.
Mr.
Erdogan visited Greece as prime minister in 2004 and 2010, and Prime
Minister Binali Yildirim visited in June. But no Turkish president had
visited since Celal Bayar in 1952.
(New York Times)
